· The specific Gravity-bottle method
specific gravity bottle is a device used to determine the density of a liquid. This is called the pycnometer. A pycnometer is usually made of glass, with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a capillary tube through it, so that air bubbles may escape from the apparatus. This device enables a liquid's density to be measured accurately by reference to an
Measurement of Density
The mass is normally measured with an appropriate scale or balance.
The volume may be measured directly (from the geometry of the object) or by the displacement of a fluid.
Hydrostatic weighing is a method that combines these two.
2. Specific Gravity
It is the ratio of the density (mass of a unit volume) of a substance to the density of a given reference materia
Synthesize nitrobenzene by nitration of benzene with mixed acid as one of the EAS’s example
Understand basic operation of concussion mixing, heating, cooling, and drying liquid.
Electrophile
a reagent attracted to electrons that participates in a chemical reaction by accepting an electron pair in order to bond to a nucleophile.
A example of electrophiles
- Lewis acids
(
4) Methods to measure density
Specific gravity-bottle method
Sink-and-float method
Density gradient method
Displacement method
Sink-and-float method
uses heavy, light solvents and a solution that has the same density of our target polymer.
ρ₁ = the density of heavy solvent
ѵ₁ = the volume ratio of heavy solvent
ρ₂ = the density of light solvent
ѵ₂ = the v
Initial Mechanical Clock (14C)
Still, Public Clock,
but could show
what time it was
Non-portable
Accuracy Improving (16C~18C)
1. Gravity-swing pendulum
2.Advance in technology
Escapement
Movement for small clock and watch
3.For navigation
A large prize for accurate clock
Using chronometer in navigation
Propagation of Clock and Watch
Carriage clock
(car